The oldest known source, but questionable explanation for the expression X dates to the 13th century in one of the earliest English statutes, instituted during the reign of Henry III (1216–1272), called the Assize of Bread and Ale. ___ who were found to have shortchanged customers could be subject to severe punishment. To guard against the punishment of losing a hand to an axe,they would give thirteen for the price of twelve, to be certain of not being known as a cheat. Specifically, this practice was insurance against "short measure", on the basis that one of the thirteen could be lost, eaten, burnt, or ruined in some way. The practice can be seen in the guild codes of the Worshipful Company of ___ in London.
give me X.

ID X and fill in the blanks!

X applied for his Hungarian patent in January 1975 and left his invention with a small toy making cooperative in Budapest. The patent approval finally came in early 1977 and the first ____ appeared at the end of 1977. By this time, X was married.
Two other people applied for similar patents at about the same time as X. Terutoshi Ishige applied a year after X, for a Japanese patent on a very similar ____. An American, Larry Nichols, patented a ____ before X, held together with magnets. Nichols' toy was rejected by all toy companies, including the Ideal Toy Corporation, which later bought the rights to X's ____.
All blanks are same.